Political and Economic Factors in International Relations

Political and Economic Factors in International dealingsFaculty of Economics and Manage workforcetWhich of the deuce suppose like a shot a majusculeer danger for honestice in IR policy-making or frugal circumstanceors umpire in International trafficIntroductionThis examine raises the question of which factors pose threat to justness in International Relations at present. It is plazaed around idea that these factors, which argon not just now stinting and political in reputation, but also historical, derive from the ho subprogram servant practices and ideas of heterogeneous submits. There are three teaching cases that show from various perspectives how in different carriages the internal aver spills into outside(a) and what set(p) of ideas and methods influence nicety in transnationalist traffic. The complex issue of Justice in International Relations presupposes that we pose and define, at least in this es translate the view on the role and the nature of the Ju stice on the global discip subscriber line. Whether this supposition contradicts or not with the opinion of some study scholars on how just the international order is and dismiss be, it is crucial for us to come along follow the logical way of this essay. In my opinion, the international order, inter articulate relations since the lift off of the human narrative had very(prenominal) shrimpy spot for the just commence even the civilized nations were generally led by the right of the ruggedest to do what he wills. Correlated, perhaps, by the originator of a relax human though and technological advancement, still, the regain of sheer military power was something to be revered. And it has been recorder head in the Greek and Roman history through the famed Melian parley. This excerpt of it demonstrates intelligibly the ways of approaching the international business of the day by perhaps, the most civilized and humane mass of the time Of the gods we believe, and of m en we know, that by a necessary honor of their nature they rule wherever they can. And it is not as if we were the first to make this law, or to act upon it when made we found it being before us, and shall leave it to exist forever after us all we do is to make use of it, knowing that you and everybody else, having the same power as we control, would do the same as we do (Strassler 1996). We see clearly how weeny space is given to the notion of justice. Even less was expected when the nations dealt with barbaric people or cracking empires of the East, despotic in the nature. The same is as well expressed in the Ancient Roman history when faced with overwhelming forces of the Gauls in 390 BC, the famous vae victis (woe to the conquered ones) was coined. And this lesson of injustice, of what might happen to the ones that fail, was learned well by the Romans and after they would go on to establish their own rule on those weaker and less successful. merely there was any discussio n on the actual righteousness of their actions. Yet, in the cruelty of the civilized ones, there is found a set of ideas that would by and by contribute so much to a completely differing set of ideas and notions, a whole new historical perspective of people living in completely different, just and fair conditions. These ideas, in my opinion were first the ideas of immunity and domination first coined by the A becauseian political leader Pericles, and moment Greco-Roman stoicism and cynicism and the concepts coined within this philosophy (like cosmopolitanism). Both set of views, in part with many others, undoubtedly, attend tod later as the cornerstone for the revived Hesperian Civilization, which, at least by name, calls itself humane and adhering to the precepts of justice, human rights, democracy and opposing despotism. The description of these ideas, undervalued in modern times, and the way they shaped the occidental notion, is not a part of this essay, yet, it is gran d to say that they are the ones that called for a dialogue whenever the West acted oppressively towards the rest of the arena, and even much than a pawn for discussion and societal change in the vey western countries themselves. So, we can clearly say that the historical experience of the countries is another important factor influencing their discernment of the interior(prenominal) justice and hence, justice on the international arena. The to a greater extent just, participatory, law abiding the society of the untaught is, the to a greater extent it correlates with the demands for a fairer world on the international arena. This very important statement will be later developed in the essay. Those countries that did not undergo a certain move of inner development of the ideas on justice and more humane order, surrender little to contribute to the international system. Moreover, the higher the development of the countrys political and scotchal system, the deeply stinti ng and political factors influencing the notion of justice both on the domestic and the international train are intertwined.Domestic policies and international orderAnd before looking at the perspective of justice in the international relations, it would be wise to consider several cases of how domestic ideas of justice, as well as practices of it, influence and shape the international approach. The first country to start with, the one that has been dominating international politics ever since the Second humanness War, is the United States. Being at some point a independent from the old and, as seemed obsolete European absolutist ideas, the new state brought the value of republicanism and democracy to the highest level. The very main document of the state was a drastic breakthrough from the Old World and in a way a revolutionized, the dream of many political thinkers of the time. The words of one the main document of the state started with the words We hold these truths to be se lf-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain intrinsic Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the have of the governed (Virginia Declaration of Rights). And and so, from the end of the 19th century up till nowadays for the many oppressed the regular army abides the place of freedom, in a way a political ideal to be reached. nary(prenominal) besides it is just in itself, but it as well actively engages in establishing freedom and democracy all around the world. Yet, what is important here is to come upon a closer look at the domestic stance with par and justice in the USA. Despite the declared equality, economically the population is very diverse. The salary differentiation between the poorest and the richest whitethorn vary in three hundred times, which is, of course unprecedented. As it was said, the economic fractionalization lead to the fact that different social strata and communities live different lives, with ones striving to have a decent life, plot of ground the other many times more than enough then a human being can consume.As the graph suggests, 80% of the American population own only 15.1% of the national wealth. To compare 50% of the USA population owns 14.5 trillion dollars, the same amount of money could be gather in 10 age if the tax on the rich would join on by 2%. Such economic unlikeness undoubtedly spurs political debates in the country. As well, we should take into account that financial diversification goes in hand with ethnic and cultural region of the households. Despite the fact that the just order is guaranteed by the law, existing social institutions, bureaucratic apparatus and the democratic tradition, the income inequality as well as other discrepancies the economic di quite a little raises stem into the political sphere and cause deb ate. And with certain economic groups tie up with the political decision makers, the inequality transforms into a vicious solidification rich and economically affluent influence the politics, thus preserving their positions and becoming more rich, while the ones receiving medium and below medium salary have little say in the decision making and instead are more and more occupied with the dish up o guaranteeing their financial prospects. Domestic inequality and the practices of economic exploitation clearly is receive continuation on the international arena. Changes in economic inequality over the last 30 historic period (The Economist)On the international scale we see that in the countries where republican ideas, rule of law, democratic article of faiths, keep to human rights, freedoms are of paramount importance, the economic practices and laws go forth for inequality and exploitation in domestic relations, but even more on the international level. MNCs acting in accordance with the law and indeed bringing the change to some third world countries, in fact contribute to the implementation of practices that undermine the attempts to establish international justice through establishment of unfair practices. Thus, the stance of the United States on the international arena is ambiguous on the one hand through establishing relations with the others states and fighting(a) in the work of the international organizations, it promotes the political principles established in the country, and are generally favourable for the fairer world, but on the other hand the economic policy through trade and actions of MNCs have a controversial mental picture exploitation of resources and population, cardinally unequal income distribution and often practice of dealing with besmirch politicians and non democratic political regimes. When the primary goal is only to maximize the profit, then the ways of making it in the third world countries have little to do with the noti ons of promoting justice.Historical factors and views on global orderAnother study case, this time a country that is not a part of the authorized Westetn civilization, is chinaware. Becoming in many ways a modern capitalist providence, its political views on the international arena and its place in it may not fully fall in line with the Western vision of China. Chinese irrelevant trade is strongly intertwined with the Chinese foreign economy policy. We can define five major principles, characterizing Chinese economy and demanding love to them. First, is keeping open world markets for its exports, more than half of which are produced by factories that are wholly or partly owned by foreigners. The gage principle is about securing access to international supplies of energy resources and natural resources, which serve a determining factor to the Chinese industrial development. The third principle demands China is to insulate its economy and national wealth from potentially destab ilizing international risks. The fourth principle demands that new technologies are acquired, together with knowhow and skills. The fifth principle presupposes promotion of global expansion of Chinese own industries through foreign investment. It is obvious that in the last decades China is on the rise, both economically and politically, but the question remains how the increase in Chinese domination will affect the global order (de Jonquieres, 2011). Will it be a US competitor? And can it propose a viable election to the existing world order? Until the late Qing, concepts of international order and justice were alien to Chinas imperial rulers. Subsequently, however, in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, China perceived itself to be the victim in an unjust world of aggressive, powerful, Western states. Contemporary Chinese perceptions of a just international order have been shaped by such past experiences and encompass a strong element of restitution. Its justice claims start with the Chinese state itself rather than with the needs of a broader global community. Its activity on the international arena can be explained by the need to return the prestige and honour that was presumably lost in the early 20-ies. During the Cold war era Chinese foreign policy was heavily construct on the dichotomy of controversy of the two world powers, using one of them to strengthen themselves. First it was the attachment with Moscow from 1972 with the USA. It as well kept a positive check for the developing world. After the demise of the USSR there appeared a debate among the scholars whether a unipolar or multipolar world is appropriate. Globalisation was seen as a process beneficial for the USA, in which China had to find its place. The international relations had to be democratized.Despite the bright declarations often made by the Chinese officials, the menstruation approach is based around a schema of bandwagoning and transcending. The first factor China adapting to the US and serving as a partner, while the imprimatur emphasise the peaceful transition to a more democratic world order. Transcending includes democratizing international relations, promotion of state sovereignty, strong support of the UN. Chinese approach is generally compared with US on the international arena.(Foot 2008) The Chinese approach to Justice in IR during the communist era proposed an another vision of how the relations could be altered. The Three World speculation presupposed that non-aligned states, that want to adhere incomplete to the comunist, nor to the capitalist world, can work together. Yet, these ideas have never gained power and later Chinese leaders felt in line with a more common view on the international arena.The Three World Theory map proposed by Mao ZedongThe increasing importance of China in the International Relations make us listen more attentively to what the leadership of the country says on world order. Yet, as it was demonstrated , the Chinese economic policies go in line with the world practices. And the political and ideological solutions center rather around China itself, then the care of a an alternative, more just order. So, it would not be a wrong generalization to say that many non-Western countries do not contribute to fairer practices and go in line with the general pattern.Spread of negative factors on the regional and international levelThe last study case, however minor it is in comparison with the two previous ones, demonstrates how political factors influence on the economy and how certain processes victorious place in one country, affect the whole region, leading to distribution of the unfair practices. The case here is the political and economic situation in Eastern Europe, and specifically the case of how political and economic practices of one country negatively affect the situation in the whole region. The destructive tool of Belarusian authoritarianism on other countries has not been we ll examined. ofttimes dubbed as the last dictatorship in Europe, Lukashenkas system has proven to remain far more stable than expected. Though not showing great economic progress, remaining politically and economically dependent on Russia, the regime was able to deal with Putins administration, withstand political protests after 2006 elections and 2008 economic crisis. Lukashenka himself built in his own way an effective state structure, with him virtually positive every significant aspect in politics and economy. However despotic the regime may be, with all the violations and electoral fraud during the presidential, parliamentary and local elections, it has been able to remain politically relatively stable for 16 years so far. This, undoubtedly set an example for the governing elite of the neighbor countries, like Russia and Ukraine, Belarusian dictatorship political regime also has a significant economic influence on the economy of Lithuania and to a lesser extent, on the econ omy of Latvia. We can see how Lithuanian leaders, interested in further economic cooperation with Belarus, especially in the case of transit Belarusian potassium salt, stood as advocates of the Belarusian authoritarian regime and in sometimes gave support to the regime (Belarus Background and U.S. insurance Concerns). Belarusian contagion spreads in both ways, affecting other states because of the profitable economic cooperation with Belarus and on private level, tempting certain officials to breach the law, corrupting their own governmental system. Thus, their state system may become less accountant, transparent, responsive, equitable, legal frameworks become flawed. This is a clear example of how on the regional level political factors in one country spill to the other, making the whole region more corrupt. The bigger conclusion here is as follows if we leave place for economic and political negotiation with countries with authoritarian or tyrannical regime, we must adapt that i t will influence. regional and international relations in the negative ways, further spreading contagious practices developed in their countries, that contradict the civilized norms, respect for human rights and the rule of law.To conclude the essay, several main statements should be repeated. First, in my opinion historical experience and evolution is not less important when speaking about the contribution to the justice on the international arena. Secondly, the sort of the state on the international arena is very correlated with its domestic policy. Third, political and economic factors in the complex systems are intertwined, often it is unexpressed to say precisely, which factor stems from the other. Finally. even if the political factors contribute to international justice, economic factors, and the pursuit for profit contribute to inequality and undermine the notion of justice in international relations.Bibliography Robert B. Strassler, The Landmark Thucydides A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War, Free Press, 1996, page 352-354 Guy de Jonquieres What power shift to China? ECIPE. Policy briefs. No. 04/2012.ISSN 1653-899. Brussels http//www.ecipe.org/media/publication_pdfs/PB201103.pdf. Viewed on December 17, 2013 Rosemary Foot. Chinese strategies in a US-hegemonic global order accommodating and hedging. International Affairs 82, 1 http//www.cerium.ca/IMG/pdf/Foot_-_Chinese_Strategies_-_International_Affairs.pdf. Viewed on December 17, 2013 CIA World Factbook. https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html. Viewed on December 17, 2013 The about Important Chinese Trade Barriers. Derek Scissors. Testimony before the United States theatre of Representatives Committee on Foreign Relations July 19, 2012 http//www.heritage.org/research/testimony/2012/07/the-most-important-chinese-trade-barriers. Viewed on December 17, 2013 Virginia Declaration of Rights http//www.gunstonhall.org/georgemason/human_rights/vdr_first_draft.html Zia Mian and M.V. Ramana, 2010. Imbricated Regional Rivalries and Global Order federation Asia, China and the United States. Belarus Background and U.S. Policy Concerns. CRS Report for Congress. http//www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32534.pdf The EUs moderate Response to Belarus Pseudo New Foreign Policy. CEPS Policy Brief No. 151, 8 February 2008. http//aei.pitt.edu/7543/1/151.pdf European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument. Country strategy paper 2007-2013.http//ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_csp_nip_belarus_en.pdf1