'Development and Globalisation Essay\r'

' evolution and Globalisation Development A process of social and economic advancement in terms of the quality of human life. Development bum involve back involve economic, demographic, social policy-making and cultural changes. Development is a term that layabout be used in many contrary contexts whether it is social, economical, policy-making and so on However gener totallyy festering refers to an improvement in certain aras: • Economic o An growing in the plain’s economic system with a reposition from secondary to tertiary effort which be pay backs less dependent on FDI. • Demographic An affix in population and a more senescent population as mensuration of living increases. throw rates and death rates drop as life expectancy increases. • Social o An increase in the range of operate, change magnitude land prices and a more multicultural society. Greater access to education, soundness c argon and communication • Political o more than democratic and more influence on the ‘ planetary stage’. Stable government, no dictatorship. • Cultural emergence o Greater equality for women and better extend relations in multicultural societies. Measuring Development\r\ngross domestic product- Gross Domestic Product †the value of all the goods and services produced in a country in a year, in $US, usually expressed as â€Å"per capita” (per person). PPP (purchasing power parity)* figures are more useful. * modify for loss of living GNP- The total value of goods and services produced by single country in a year, plus all net income earned from afield sources, in $US. HDI- Human Development Index: It is a summary composite index that measures a country’s average achievements in one-third basic aspects of human development: health, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. Life Expectancy • Literacy Rate • Standard of animate (measured in GDP per capita) It gives a more make out picture of development of a country than GDP alone as it considers social factors and not except economic factors. Development Continuum Originally in that respect were three groupings that do up the development continuum, they were: • First mankind (those developed countries that had a democratic government and a strong economy) • Second homo (communist countries) • Third World (UN developed countries)\r\nHowever as time has departed on newer economies train started to develop caused by various development patterns and velocitys. The Development gap • The gap between gamey and poor countries • Most commonly, the gap is purpose of in terms of income/economics • It also social, environmental and even political aspects in that location was a suggested northeastward/South divide originating from the Brandt report in 1980, where the north accounted for 80% of GDP but only 20% of the population; however this too requires some ni ce licence and is a very general sort of dividing countries.\r\nThere are more accurate slipway of grouping countries as listed below and as countries prod through the development continuum countries pass from one family unit to another: • Developed (MDC’s †the most healthy developed countries eg. UK) • Developing (Countries which are undergoing development †arguably they all are. Eg. Malaysia) • LDC’s (Least Developed Countries †eg. Ethiopia) • NIC’s (Newly industrialized Countries †Have just finished development (10 historic period or so) Eg. China) • RIC’s (Recently Industrialised Countries †Further fundament than the NIC’s eg. Dubai) Centrally Planned Economies (The few remain communist countries eg. northbound Korea) • Oil Rich Countries (Countries rich in oil eg. Saudi Arabia) Causes for the Development sally • Colonialisation †colonial powers took resources fro m poorer countries • Price of commodities is often controlled by TNCs ensuring full(prenominal) profits for MEDC firms and low prices paid to LEDC producers †Fair manage set up in reaction to this. • LEDCs are now basal producers †producing low approach commodities, e. g. bananas • native commodities have fallen in price, or stayed steady, objet dart commodities they need has increased, e. . oil What is preventing the Development gap from remainder? • Many LEDCs main industry is as primary producers †generally low profit • Internatnioal make out dominate by TNCs • Rapid The Asian Tigers Who or what are the Asian Tigers? Asian economies that have progressed economi harbingery at such substantial rates that have come to rival the earning capacity and quality of living of those creation first-world countries †Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Korea. Globalisation Globalisation: The increased inter-connection in the world’s economic, cultural and political systems. Positives |Negatives | |Allowed the movement of people more easily | lordless migration | |Increased foreign trade |Inequality in wealth | |More access to food, services, healthcare etc. ll over the world |Heavy environmental cost | | |Loss of countries individual cultures, spheric cutters | • Globalisation began in the 19th light speed as there was the pedigree of movement of people and goods; • Increase in license • Increase in trade as well as the spread of industry • Beginning of Trans internal Corporations. Globalisation continued in the 20th century and was shaped by a number of factors including: 1.\r\n upshot of free securities industrys (capitalist economy) 2. Deregulation of world financial merchandises 3. The instauration of the General Agreements of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) â€the WTO which sought to write down trade barriers. 4. The emergence of trade blocs 5. The establishment o f the IMF and the World fix 6. Development of global marketing and the continuing face-lift of TNCs. Flows • Capital o ICT allows cheap, reliable and almost fast communication o Allows sharing information o Allows transfer of capital o Allows Marketing or so the world • Labour o Improved becharm for people Size of air craft o Low cost airlines o High speed rail links o Specialised workers- doctors, ICT etc. o Unskilled workers • Products and services o integrate networks o Goods handling o Computing logistics o Container revolution o Improved transport for goods o Global marketing, the world as one market and create products that fit various regional market places e. g. coca-cola and McDonalds Patterns of outturn, distribution and consumption Manufacturing has gone from developed countries to lower wage economies. This is known as the GLOBAL SHIFT, which is brought most by FDI by TNCs.\r\nMany LEDC’S have benefited from the transfer of technology whi ch has meant these countries green goddess raise their productiveness without raising their wages to the level of the developed countries. This has forego to the de-industrialisation of richer countries and the focus on tertiary and quaternary industry. There has also been outsourcing of service operations, such as call centres, Mumbai, this extends the influence on a global crustal plate also the employment costs are a lot lower even though there is a highly educated workforce. Positive and negatives of the global shift Positives for MEDCs |Negatives for MEDCs | |Movement of polluting industries away from their country |Could curb to wide spread unemployment | |Growth in LEDC’s whitethorn bleed to demand for exports from MEDCs |Loss of skills | |Cheaper imports can keep the cost of living down benefiting the retail |Negative multiplier effect | |sector | prodigious gap between skilled and unskilled workers who may experience | |Labour market flexibility and efficiency |extreme redeployment differences | |Development of new technologies stellar(a) to investment |deindustrialisation of some areas, such as the North | |Help to sign on inflation | | |Positives for LEDC’s and NIC’s |Negatives for LEDC’s | |Development of new industries Rapid urbanisation and rural-urban migration | |Increased employment |Westernised approach to economy | |Helps to reduce development gap |Increased environmental slander die to polluting industries | |Increased FDI and investment which can lead to improved services such as |ontogenesis of labour | |infrastructure, health care and education | riotous social impacts | |Increased exports helps BoPs, and increases income and GDP |Over-dependant on one industry | |New technologies |Destabilises food supplies, less factory farm | | |Health and safety issues because of tax legislation | Patterns of production and processes In manufacturing there has been a global shift of marketing from MDC’s to LDC’s.\r\nGuests are encouraged to inscribe in low impact activities †o head nature/bird walks, o cycling, fishing o Day or night game drives are conducted in open-sided 4Ã4 vehicles • Lodges work well-nigh with the local biotic community and support several enterprises, schools and an orphanage. • Guests can visit a group of widows that craft sisal baskets, a group that makes jewellery from recycled paper and a rug weaving factory. • The lodges only sell what is made by the community and pay a picturesque price. • A large percentage of the price is donated to the community fund. • Every year, children from the local community and schools are invited to get into in ecotourism workshops • To protect and improve their environment.\r\n'